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Compare Peru (2001) - West Bank (2002)

Compare Peru (2001) z West Bank (2002)

 Peru (2001)West Bank (2002)
 PeruWest Bank
Administrative divisions 24 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 1 constitutional province* (provincia constitucional); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao*, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali

note:
the 1979 constitution mandated the creation of regions (regiones, singular - region) to function eventually as autonomous economic and administrative entities; so far, 12 regions have been constituted from 23 of the 24 departments - Amazonas (from Loreto), Andres Avelino Caceres (from Huanuco, Pasco, Junin), Arequipa (from Arequipa), Chavin (from Ancash), Grau (from Tumbes, Piura), Inca (from Cusco, Madre de Dios, Apurimac), La Libertad (from La Libertad), Los Libertadores-Huari (from Ica, Ayacucho, Huancavelica), Mariategui (from Moquegua, Tacna, Puno), Nor Oriental del Maranon (from Lambayeque, Cajamarca, Amazonas), San Martin (from San Martin), Ucayali (from Ucayali); formation of another region has been delayed by the reluctance of the constitutional province of Callao to merge with the department of Lima; because of inadequate funding from the central government and organizational and political difficulties, the regions have yet to assume major responsibilities; the 1993 constitution retains the regions but limits their authority; the 1993 constitution also reaffirms the roles of departmental and municipal governments
-
Age structure 0-14 years:
34.41% (male 4,803,464; female 4,654,890)

15-64 years:
60.8% (male 8,408,210; female 8,302,943)

65 years and over:
4.79% (male 603,309; female 711,048) (2001 est.)
0-14 years: 44.4% (male 492,446; female 468,321)


15-64 years: 52% (male 575,282; female 550,793)


65 years and over: 3.6% (male 33,163; female 43,662) (2002 est.)
Agriculture - products coffee, cotton, sugarcane, rice, wheat, potatoes, plantains, coca; poultry, beef, dairy products, wool; fish olives, citrus, vegetables; beef, dairy products
Airports 233 (2000 est.) 3 (2001)
Airports - with paved runways total:
46

over 3,047 m:
6

2,438 to 3,047 m:
18

1,524 to 2,437 m:
13

914 to 1,523 m:
8

under 914 m:
1 (2000 est.)
total: 3


2,438 to 3,047 m: 1


1,524 to 2,437 m: 1


under 914 m: 1 (2002)
Airports - with unpaved runways total:
187

over 3,047 m:
1

2,438 to 3,047 m:
1

1,524 to 2,437 m:
25

914 to 1,523 m:
65

under 914 m:
95 (2000 est.)
-
Area total:
1,285,220 sq km

land:
1.28 million sq km

water:
5,220 sq km
total: 5,860 sq km


land: 5,640 sq km


water: 220 sq km


note: includes West Bank, Latrun Salient, and the northwest quarter of the Dead Sea, but excludes Mt. Scopus; East Jerusalem and Jerusalem No Man's Land are also included only as a means of depicting the entire area occupied by Israel in 1967
Area - comparative slightly smaller than Alaska slightly smaller than Delaware
Background After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980. In recent years, bold reform programs and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity and drug trafficking have resulted in solid economic growth. The Israel-PLO Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements (the DOP), signed in Washington on 13 September 1993, provided for a transitional period not exceeding five years of Palestinian interim self-government in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. Under the DOP, Israel agreed to transfer certain powers and responsibilities to the Palestinian Authority, which includes the Palestinian Legislative Council elected in January 1996, as part of the interim self-governing arrangements in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. A transfer of powers and responsibilities for the Gaza Strip and Jericho took place pursuant to the Israel-PLO 4 May 1994 Cairo Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area and in additional areas of the West Bank pursuant to the Israel-PLO 28 September 1995 Interim Agreement, the Israel-PLO 15 January 1997 Protocol Concerning Redeployment in Hebron, the Israel-PLO 23 October 1998 Wye River Memorandum, and the 4 September 1999 Sharm el-Sheikh Agreement. The DOP provides that Israel will retain responsibility during the transitional period for external security and for internal security and public order of settlements and Israeli citizens. Direct negotiations to determine the permanent status of Gaza and West Bank had begun in September 1999 after a three-year hiatus, but have been derailed by a second intifadah that broke out in September 2000. The resulting widespread violence in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, Israel's military response, and instability within the Palestinian Authority continue to undermine progress toward a permanent agreement.
Birth rate 23.9 births/1,000 population (2001 est.) 34.94 births/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Budget revenues:
$8.5 billion

expenditures:
$9.3 billion, including capital expenditures of $2 billion (1996 est.)
revenues: $930 million


expenditures: $1.2 billion, including capital expenditures of $15 million


note: includes Gaza Strip (2000 est.)
Capital Lima -
Climate varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes temperate; temperature and precipitation vary with altitude, warm to hot summers, cool to mild winters
Coastline 2,414 km 0 km (landlocked)
Constitution 31 December 1993 -
Country name conventional long form:
Republic of Peru

conventional short form:
Peru

local long form:
Republica del Peru

local short form:
Peru
conventional long form: none


conventional short form: West Bank
Currency nuevo sol (PEN) new Israeli shekel (ILS); Jordanian dinar (JOD)
Death rate 5.78 deaths/1,000 population (2001 est.) 4.26 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Debt - external $31 billion (2000 est.) $108 million (includes Gaza Strip) (1997 est.)
Diplomatic representation from the US chief of mission:
Ambassador John HAMILTON

embassy:
Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17s/n, Surco, Lima 33

mailing address:
P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American Embassy (Lima), APO AA 34031-5000

telephone:
[51] (1) 434-3000

FAX:
[51] (1) 434-3037
-
Diplomatic representation in the US chief of mission:
Ambassador Alfonso RIVERO Monsalve

chancery:
1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

telephone:
[1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869

FAX:
[1] (202) 659-8124

consulate(s) general:
Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), San Francisco
-
Disputes - international none West Bank and Gaza Strip are Israeli-occupied with current status subject to the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement - permanent status to be determined through further negotiation
Economic aid - recipient $895.1 million (1995) $800 million disbursed (includes Gaza Strip) (2001 est.)
Economy - overview The Peruvian economy has become increasingly market-oriented, with major privatizations completed since 1990 in the mining, electricity, and telecommunications industries. Thanks to strong foreign investment and the cooperation between the FUJIMORI government and the IMF and World Bank, growth was strong in 1994-97 and inflation was brought under control. In 1998, El Nino's impact on agriculture, the financial crisis in Asia, and instability in Brazilian markets undercut growth. And 1999 was another lean year for Peru, with the aftermath of El Nino and the Asian financial crisis working its way through the economy. Political instability resulting from the presidential election and FUJIMORI's subsequent departure from office limited economic growth in 2000. Economic output in the West Bank is governed by the Paris Economic Protocol of April 1994 between Israel and the Palestinian Authority. Real per capita GDP for the West Bank and Gaza Strip (WBGS) declined by about one-third between 1992 and 1996 due to the combined effect of falling aggregate incomes and rapid population growth. The downturn in economic activity was largely the result of Israeli closure policies - the imposition of border closures in response to security incidents in Israel - which disrupted labor and commodity market relationships between Israel and the WBGS. The most serious social effect of this downturn was rising unemployment; unemployment in the WBGS during the 1980s was generally under 5%; by 1995 it had risen to over 20%. Israel's use of comprehensive closures during the next five years decreased and, in 1998, Israel implemented new policies to reduce the impact of closures and other security procedures on the movement of Palestinian goods and labor. These changes fueled an almost three-year-long economic recovery in the West Bank and Gaza Strip; real GDP grew by 5% in 1998 and 6% in 1999. Recovery was upended in the last quarter of 2000 with the outbreak of Palestinian violence, which triggered tight Israeli closures of Palestinian self-rule areas and severely disrupted trade and labor movements. In 2001, and even more severely in 2002, internal turmoil and Israeli military measures in Palestinian Authority areas have resulted in the destruction of much capital plant and administrative structure, widespread business closures, and a sharp drop in GDP. Another major loss has been the decline in earnings of Palestinian workers in Israel.
Electricity - consumption 17.565 billion kWh (1999) NA kWh
Electricity - exports 0 kWh (1999) -
Electricity - imports 1 million kWh (1999) NA kWh
Electricity - production 18.886 billion kWh (1999) NA kWh; note - most electricity imported from Israel; East Jerusalem Electric Company buys and distributes electricity to Palestinians in East Jerusalem and its concession in the West Bank; the Israel Electric Company directly supplies electricity to most Jewish residents and military facilities; at the same time, some Palestinian municipalities, such as Nablus and Janin, generate their own electricity from small power plants
Electricity - production by source fossil fuel:
23.04%

hydro:
76.43%

nuclear:
0%

other:
0.53% (1999)
fossil fuel: NA%


hydro: NA%


nuclear: NA%


other: NA%
Elevation extremes lowest point:
Pacific Ocean 0 m

highest point:
Nevado Huascaran 6,768 m
lowest point: Dead Sea -408 m


highest point: Tall Asur 1,022 m
Environment - current issues deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes adequacy of fresh water supply; sewage treatment
Environment - international agreements party to:
Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified:
Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol
-
Ethnic groups Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3% Palestinian Arab and other 83%, Jewish 17%
Exchange rates nuevo sol per US dollar - 3.5230 (January 2001), 3.4900 (2000), 3.383 (1999), 2.930 (1998), 2.664 (1997), 2.453 (1996) new Israeli shekels per US dollar - 4.2757 (December 2001), 4.2057 (2001), 4.0773 (2000), 4.1397 (1999), 3.8001 (1998), 3.4494 (1997); Jordanian dinars per US dollar - fixed rate of 0.7090 (from 1996)
Executive branch chief of state:
President Alejandro TOLEDO (since 28 July 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; additionally two vice presidents are provided for by the Constitution, First Vice President Raul DIEZ Conseco (since 28 July 2001) and Second Vice President David WAISMAN (since 28 July 2001)

head of government:
President Alejandro TOLEDO (since 28 July 2001); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government; additionally two vice presidents are provided for by the Constitution, First Vice President Raul DIEZ Conseco (since 28 July 2001) and Second Vice President David WAISMAN (since 28 July 2001)

note:
Prime Minister Roberto DANINO (since 28 July 2001) does not exercise executive power; this power is in the hands of the president

cabinet:
Council of Ministers appointed by the president

elections:
president elected by popular vote for a five-year term; special presidential election held 8 April 2001 with runoff election 3 June 2001); next to be held NA 2006

election results:
President TOLEDO elected in runoff election; percent of vote - Alejandro TOLEDO 53.1%, Alan GARCIA 46.9%
-
Exports $7 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.) $603 million f.o.b., includes Gaza Strip (2001 est.)
Exports - commodities fish and fish products, copper, zinc, gold, crude petroleum and byproducts, lead, coffee, sugar, cotton olives, fruit, vegetables, limestone
Exports - partners US 29%, EU 25%, Andean Community 6%, Japan 4%, Mercosur 3% (1999) Israel, Jordan, Gaza Strip
Fiscal year calendar year calendar year (since 1 January 1992)
Flag description three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a llama, cinchona tree (the source of quinine), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out gold coins, all framed by a green wreath -
GDP purchasing power parity - $123 billion (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $2.1 billion (2001 est.)
GDP - composition by sector agriculture:
15%

industry:
42%

services:
43% (1999)
agriculture: 9%


industry: 28%


services: 63%


note: includes Gaza Strip (1999 est.)
GDP - per capita purchasing power parity - $4,550 (2000 est.) purchasing power parity - $1,000 (2001 est.)
GDP - real growth rate 3.6% (2000 est.) -35% (2001 est.)
Geographic coordinates 10 00 S, 76 00 W 32 00 N, 35 15 E
Geography - note shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia landlocked; highlands are main recharge area for Israel's coastal aquifers; there are 242 Israeli settlements and civilian land use sites in the West Bank and 29 in East Jerusalem (February 2002 est.)
Highways total:
72,900 km

paved:
8,700 km

unpaved:
64,200 km (1999 est.)
total: 4,500 km


paved: 2,700 km


unpaved: 1,800 km (1997 est.)


note: Israelis have developed many highways to service Jewish settlements
Household income or consumption by percentage share lowest 10%:
1.9%

highest 10%:
34.3% (1994)
lowest 10%: NA%


highest 10%: NA%
Illicit drugs until 1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer, Peru reduced the area of coca under cultivation by 64% to 34,200 hectares between 1996 and the end of 2000; much of the cocaine base is shipped to neighboring Colombia for processing into cocaine for the international drug market; increasing amounts of finished cocaine, however, are being shipped to Europe or to Brazil and Bolivia for use in the Southern Cone or transshipped to world markets -
Imports $7.4 billion (f.o.b., 2000 est.) $1.9 billion c.i.f., includes Gaza Strip (2001 est.)
Imports - commodities machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, petroleum, iron and steel, chemicals, pharmaceuticals food, consumer goods, construction materials
Imports - partners US 32%, EU 21%, Andean Community 6%, Mercosur 8%, Japan 5% (1999) Israel, Jordan, Gaza Strip
Independence 28 July 1821 (from Spain) -
Industrial production growth rate 8.5% (2000 est.) NA%
Industries mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles, clothing, food processing, cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication generally small family businesses that produce cement, textiles, soap, olive-wood carvings, and mother-of-pearl souvenirs; the Israelis have established some small-scale, modern industries in the settlements and industrial centers
Infant mortality rate 39.39 deaths/1,000 live births (2001 est.) 21.24 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 3.7% (2000 est.) 1% (includes Gaza Strip) (2001 est.)
International organization participation ABEDA, APEC, CAN, CCC, ECLAC, FAO, G-11, G-15, G-19, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Inmarsat, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO (correspondent), ITU, LAES, LAIA, MONUC, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMEE, UNTAET, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO -
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) 10 (2000) 8 (1999)
Irrigated land 12,800 sq km (1993 est.) NA sq km
Judicial branch Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (judges are appointed by the National Council of the Judiciary) -
Labor force 7.6 million (1996 est.) NA
Labor force - by occupation agriculture, mining and quarrying, manufacturing, construction, transport, services services 66%, industry 21%, agriculture 13% (1996)
Land boundaries total:
5,536 km

border countries:
Bolivia 900 km, Brazil 1,560 km, Chile 160 km, Colombia 1,496 km (est.), Ecuador 1,420 km
total: 404 km


border countries: Israel 307 km, Jordan 97 km
Land use arable land:
3%

permanent crops:
0%

permanent pastures:
21%

forests and woodland:
66%

other:
10% (1993 est.)
arable land: NEGL%


permanent crops: 0%


other: 100% (1998 est.)
Languages Spanish (official), Quechua (official), Aymara Arabic, Hebrew (spoken by Israeli settlers and many Palestinians), English (widely understood)
Legal system based on civil law system; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -
Legislative branch unicameral Democratic Constituent Congress or Congresso Constituyente Democratico (120 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)

elections:
last held 9 April 2000 (next to be held 8 April 2001)

note:
many congressmen defected to and then from former President FUJIMORI's coalition in 2000

election results:
percent of vote by party - Peru 2000 42.16%, Peru Possible 23.34%, FIM 7.56%, Somos Peru 7.2%, APRA 5.5%, others 14.24%; seats by party - Peru 2000 52, Peru Possible 29, FIM 9, others 30
-
Life expectancy at birth total population:
70.3 years

male:
67.9 years

female:
72.81 years (2001 est.)
total population: 72.47 years


male: 70.76 years


female: 74.29 years (2002 est.)
Literacy definition:
age 15 and over can read and write

total population:
88.7%

male:
94.5%

female:
83% (1995 est.)
definition: NA


total population: NA%


male: NA%


female: NA%
Location Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador Middle East, west of Jordan
Map references South America Middle East
Maritime claims continental shelf:
200 NM

territorial sea:
200 NM
none (landlocked)
Merchant marine total:
6 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 40,623 GRT/61,769 DWT

ships by type:
cargo 5, petroleum tanker 1 (2000 est.)
-
Military branches Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru; includes Naval Air, Marines, and Coast Guard), Air Force (Fuerza Aerea del Peru), National Police (Policia Nacional) -
Military expenditures - dollar figure $1 billion (FY00) $NA
Military expenditures - percent of GDP 1.9% (FY00) NA%
Military manpower - availability males age 15-49:
7,205,675 (2001 est.)
-
Military manpower - fit for military service males age 15-49:
4,847,250 (2001 est.)
-
Military manpower - military age 20 years of age -
Military manpower - reaching military age annually males:
276,458 (2001 est.)
-
National holiday Independence Day, 28 July (1821) -
Nationality noun:
Peruvian(s)

adjective:
Peruvian
noun: NA


adjective: NA
Natural hazards earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity droughts
Natural resources copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower arable land
Net migration rate -1.08 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2001 est.) 3.18 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Pipelines crude oil 800 km; natural gas and natural gas liquids 64 km -
Political parties and leaders American Popular Revolutionary Alliance or APRA [Alan GARCIA]; Andean Rebirth [Ciro GALVEZ Herreria]; Avancemos [leader NA]; Democratic Cause [Jorge SANTISTEVAN]; Independent Moralizing Front or FIM [Fernando OLIVERA Vega]; National Solidarity or SN [Luis CASTANEDA Lossio]; National Unity [Lourdes FLORES Nano]; Peru 2000 [leader NA]; Peru Posible or PP [Alejandro TOLEDO Maniquez]; Popular Action or AP [leader NA]; Popular Agrarian Front of Peru or Frepap [leader NA]; Popular Solution [Carlos BOLONA Behr]; Project Country [Mario Antonio ARRUNATEGUI]; Somos Peru or SP [Alberto ANDRADE]; Union for Peru or UPP [leader NA]; Vamos Vecinos or VV [Absalon VASQUEZ] -
Political pressure groups and leaders leftist guerrilla groups include Shining Path [Abimael GUZMAN Reynoso (imprisoned), Gabriel MACARIO (top leader at-large)]; Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement or MRTA [Victor POLAY (imprisoned), Hugo AVALLENEDA Valdez (top leader at-large)] -
Population 27,483,864 (July 2001 est.) 2,163,667 (July 2002 est.)


note: in addition, there are about 187,000 Israeli settlers in the West Bank and fewer than 177,000 in East Jerusalem (February 2002 est.)
Population below poverty line 49% (1994 est.) 50% (2001 est.)
Population growth rate 1.7% (2001 est.) 3.39% (2002 est.)
Ports and harbors Callao, Chimbote, Ilo, Matarani, Paita, Puerto Maldonado, Salaverry, San Martin, Talara, Iquitos, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas

note:
Iquitos, Pucallpa, and Yurimaguas are all on the upper reaches of the Amazon and its tributaries
none
Radio broadcast stations AM 472, FM 198, shortwave 189 (1999) AM 1, FM 0, shortwave 0


note: the Palestinian Broadcasting Corporation broadcasts from an AM station in Ramallah on 675 kHz; numerous local, private stations are reported to be in operation (2000)
Radios 6.65 million (1997) NA; note - most Palestinian households have radios (1999)
Railways total:
1,988 km

standard gauge:
1,608 km 1.435-m gauge

narrow gauge:
380 km 0.914-m gauge
0 km
Religions Roman Catholic 90% Muslim 75% (predominantly Sunni), Jewish 17%, Christian and other 8%
Sex ratio at birth:
1.05 male(s)/female

under 15 years:
1.03 male(s)/female

15-64 years:
1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over:
0.85 male(s)/female

total population:
1.01 male(s)/female (2001 est.)
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female


under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female


15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female


65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female


total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2002 est.)
Suffrage 18 years of age; universal -
Telephone system general assessment:
adequate for most requirements

domestic:
nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations

international:
satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean); Pan American submarine cable
general assessment: NA


domestic: NA


international: NA


note: Israeli company BEZEK and the Palestinian company PALTEL are responsible for communication services in the West Bank
Telephones - main lines in use 1.509 million (1998) 95,729 (total for West Bank and Gaza Strip) (1997)
Telephones - mobile cellular 504,995 (1998) NA
Television broadcast stations 13 (plus 112 repeaters) (1997) NA
Terrain western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva) mostly rugged dissected upland, some vegetation in west, but barren in east
Total fertility rate 2.96 children born/woman (2001 est.) 4.77 children born/woman (2002 est.)
Unemployment rate 7.7%; extensive underemployment (1997) 26% (includes Gaza Strip) (2001 est.)
Waterways 8,808 km

note:
8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon system and 208 km of Lago Titicaca
none
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